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HUBUNGAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN NILAI SPF EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JAMBU BOL (Syzygium malaccense) BERDASARKAN VARIASI BENTUK SIMPLISIA DAN KONSENTRASI PELARUT

Jambu bol (Syzygium malaccense) merupakan tanaman yang banyak tumbuh di Indonesia, daun jambu bol mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, kuinon, triterpenoid dan fenol. Daun jambu bol berkhasiat sebagai penangkal radikal bebas atau antioksidan. Antioksidan adalah senyawa yang dapat memberikan satu atau lebih elektron kepada radikal bebas sehingga radikal bebas menjadi tidak reaktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan, nilai SPF dan hubungan aktivitas antioksidan dan nilai SPF pada ekstrak etanol daun jambu bol berdasarkan variasi bentuk simplisia dan konsentrasi pelarut. SPF (Sun Protection Factor) adalah indikator universal yang digunakan untuk menentukan keefektifan zat tabir surya sebagai UV protektor. Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian eksperimental. Objek yang diteliti adalah aktivitas antioksidan dan aktivitas tabir surya ekstrak etanol daun jambu bol berdasarkan variasi bentuk simplisia dan konsentrasi pelarut dengan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Sampel yang digunakan adalah daun jambu bol yang sudah tua dan diambil pada pagi hari. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah bentuk simplisia serbuk dan rajangan daun jambu bol, konsentrasi pelarut etanol 70%, 95% dan 100% dan variabel terikat yaitu aktivitas antioksidan dan aktivitas tabir surya. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode ABTS (2,2-azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin-6-asam sulfonat). Antioksidan dikategorikan sebagai antioksidan sangat kuat jika memiliki nilai IC50 kurang dari 50 ppm dan tidak memiliki aktivitas antioksidan jika nilai IC50 lebih dari 500 ppm. Pengujian aktivitas tabir surya dilakukan secara in vitro, suatu zat memiliki daya proteksi sangat tinggi jika memiliki nilai SPF lebih dari 50 dan memiliki daya proteksi rendah jika nilai SPF 6 sampai 10. Data yang diperoleh akan dianalisis menggunakan koefisien korelasi dan disajikan secara deskriptif dalam bentuk narasi dan tabel agar data dapat dipaparkan secara baik dan dapat diinterpretasikan secara mudah.

Pharmaceutical Care Practice: The Clinician's Guide, Second Edition

The most practical approach to pharmaceutical care! Provides all the principles and practice components for the pharmaceutical care practice course in the pharmacy curriculum. Thoroughly revised and updated, this edition includes expanded coverage of reimbursement, documentation, and data models associated with the practice.

Pharmaceutical Care

A collaboration of professional leaders, thinkers, and seasoned authors introduces the concept of pharmaceutical care - a model of health care practice by which pharmacy practitioners and other medical professionals can improve the drug use process and ensure that patients receive full benefit from pharmacotherapy.

Mental Disorders, Alcohol- and Drug-related Problems

Drug-Related Problems in Geriatric Nursing Home Patients

Medication mishaps can and do happen in nursing homes. This highly important new book focuses on the scope of drug-related problems (DRP) of misuse and adverse reaction to medications in the nursing home environment. Experts provide practical methods for detecting DRPs, they explain a systematic approach to preventing DRPs, and they document the magnitude of DRPs in the long term care setting. Each chapter of this timely book deals with a different type of drug-related problem and includes operational definitions, prevalence of the problem, and the actions needed to detect and minimize risk and prevent recurrence. A checklist at the end of each chapter aids readers in assessing specific problems in nursing homes, home health care, day care settings, and other locations in which medications are given to the elderly. Illustrative case examples are used throughout the text. With an emphasis on awareness and change, Drug-Related Problems in Geriatric Nursing Home Patients will be invaluable for pharmacists, physicians, and nurses who work in long term care; health care planners who need to be cognizant of the scope and magnitude of medication mishaps in the nursing home; administrators who are ultimately responsible for such problems. Students and educators will find the information, and especially the checklists, timely and practical.

Pharmaceutical Care

Pharmacy is the nation's third largest health profession, with nearly 200,000 licensed pharmacists in the United States and 125,000 practicing in community pharmacies. It is in community settings where pharmaceutical care will be judged, accepted, and ultimately paid for. Pharmaceutical Care: Insights from Community Pharmacists introduces the conceptual framework for pharmaceutical care. The authors show you how to apply economic, business, and societal models to better understand it, and they look at the trends in healthcare that drive it. Vignettes and interviews are the real strength of this book, bringing you the insights of selected pharmacists who were among the first to develop pharmaceutical care services. The pharmacists you meet in this book are committed to providing the best patient care possible and are willing to expend considerable personal time and energy to achieve this goal. Through their interviews, you will follow the pharmacists down their path of passionate commitment to helping patients. The authors also outline a seven-step process demonstrating how these professionals built innovative pharmacy practices in community settings. Pharmaceutical Care is a motivating resource for those wishing to better understand the new patient-centered roles being advocated by pharmacy leaders.

Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care

This thoroughly revised second edition of Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care offers a comprehensive overview of the social-economic aspects of pharmaceutical care. This new edition provides both the pharmacy student and practitioner with established principles from the social and behavioral sciences, along with current findings and examples of cases and reports of applications of these principles. Theoretical models and practical examples are included to elaborate the pharmacist's role in identifying patients non-compliant behavior and managing drug-related problems. This valuable text includes clinical, economic, and humanistic considerations that are essential to pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists. This essential text also features a special focus on public health and the involvement of caregivers in facilitating behavioral change. Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care, Second Edition will help readers consider how organizations and social systems impact patient experiences with medications, contributing to an improved system of pharmaceutical practice and care."

Management of Alcohol and Drug-Related Issues in the Workplace

Abuse of drugs and alcohol may cause serious difficulties at work including deterioration in job performance. Abuse is caused by a range of personal, family, social or work situations or a combination of such factors. This report presents a variety of multidisciplinary approaches to the prevention, assistance, treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol- and drug-related problems in the workplace. Although experience has shown the difficulty of eliminating substance abuse, the policies presented are likely to yield constructive results for workers and employers alike.

Pharmaceutical Care Uncovered

Drug-related Problems: Assessments of Risk and Relevance

The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care

Through the contributions of global experts, this book meets the growing need to understand the implementation and development of pharmaceutical care. Pharmaceutical Care Implementation details the clinical pharmacist's role in providing care to different kind of patients using clinical strategies that improve humanistic, economic and clinical outcomes. Written with a focus for students and pharmacists, this book offers multiple scenarios that serve to improve technical skills. These examples show step-by-step implementation processes from pharmacists who have worked for many years in these fields: drug-related problems, pharmaceutical care in different settings (community, hospital, home care), research outcomes, communication skills, indicators, advertising, remuneration of practice, standards, guidelines, protocols and teaching approaches for universities. Readers will use this book to:- Improve their skills to prevent, detect and solve drug-related problems - Understand the characteristics of care for patients in different settings- Consolidate knowledge from different global research outcomes- Develop and improve communication skills to establish relationships with patients and healthcare professionals.- Learn to use indicators, standards,guidelines,and protocols to guide and evaluate pharmaceutical care performance- Use different tools to advertise pharmaceutical care services- Document pharmaceutical care practices and create evidence for remuneration

Problems of Drug Dependence

Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care

Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care takes known social and behavioral science principles and applies them to pharmacy practice. This allows readers who are training to deliver or already delivering pharmaceutical care to enhance their communication, counseling, and patient education skills. While working through this superb text, students and practitioners will develop optimal skills as problemsolvers, therapeutic consultants, patient educators, and counselors as they learn how to enhance patient compliance, negate stigma, and help patients become more comfortable with their medical situations. The instructor?s manual that comes with the text is filled with exercises that highlight the most important aspects of each chapter and engages readers in the content of each chapter. Readers who approach this text with a real desire to better understand how behavior links to the complexities of an individual?s or social group?s actions and deeds will find it exhilarating reading as they gain a better understanding of and appreciation for pharmaceutical care and its behavioral underpinnings. Also, instead of offering only a few definitive answers, Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care contains extensive descriptions of phenomena known to be true but which are all subject to change when new variables are introduced. This helps readers become more aware of and comfortable with the “gray” areas of pharmacy. Authors in Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care take pieces of the complex web of pharmaceutical care, describe known microcosmic components of such care, and then relate the pieces back to the integrity of the web. Readers will find that the behavior of the patient, the prescriber, the systems that allow for these interactions, and, ultimately, the outcomes of medication use are in fact, not as simple as they may appear. Readers learn to deal with these complexities by improving their interactive skills in these areas: compliance placebos medication stigma self-medication health beliefs opinion information professionalism socialization nonmedical drug use public health illness behavior sick role how attitudes affect behaviors ethics Using this text in pharmaceutical administration, social pharmacy, and behavioral pharmacy courses better prepares training pharmacists for contemporary and future roles that more closely bind them to their patients and their prescribing community. It offers an excellent, comprehensive overview of the social-economic aspect of pharmaceutical care through its theoretical models and practical examples that elaborate on the pharmacist?s role in identifying patients’non-compliant behavior and in managing other drug-related problems. Undergraduate and graduate pharmacy students; pharmacy school, drug company, and health science center libraries; practicing retail and hospital pharmacists; and national, state, and local pharmacy associations will find Social and Behavioral Aspects of Pharmaceutical Care an important addition to their reading material as it serves as a valuable developmental tool for both students and practicing professionals.

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

Pharmaceutical Practice, International Edition E-Book

This comprehensive book covers a wide range of subjects relevant to pharmacy practice, including communication skills, managing a business, quality assurance, dispensing, calculations, packaging, storage and labeling of medicines, sterilization, prescriptions, hospital-based services, techniques and treatments, adverse drug reactions, pharmacoeconomics, and medicines management. Features useful appendices on medical abbreviations, pharmaceutical Latin terms, weights and measures, and presentation skills. This is a core text for pharmacy practice and dispensing modules of the pharmacy curriculum Covers key exam material for essential review and test preparation Features a user-friendly design with clear headings, chapter summaries, helpful boxes, and key points Text restructured with 14 new or radically revised chapters. All text revised in light of current pharmaceutical practice. New design using two colours.

Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases

Over the past 25 years, the world’s population has witnessed an explosion in kno- edge about infectious diseases. The global population is coming to the realization that diseases long recognized to cause substantial suffering, such as malaria, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and hepatitis, can be diagnosed and treated, and that transmission can be prevented using tools that are available, and which may be becoming increasingly affordable. The global population is recognizing that few infections are local: the travel of humans, other animals, insects, and food transport pathogens around the world, often with astonishing rapidity. New pathogens are appearing, either newly recognized or newly developing, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian inf- enza, metapneumovirus, or hepatitis C, which are causing human morbidity and m- tality. Finally, there is growing fear that dangerous pathogens may be intentionally introduced into human populations by deranged individuals or terrorist organizations. The potential to use drugs or biologic agents to treat and prevent infectious diseases has increased dramatically over the past quarter century as we have learned more about the biology of many of these agents, and as we have developed techniques to discover new agents by high throughput screening programs and by sophisticated drug design and synthesis.

International Pharmaceutical Law and Practice

Covers key pharmaceutical law topics in all of the major industrial countries and for each country discusses in detail: • Treaties and international law principles affecting patents, data exclusivity and other rights relating to pharmaceutical manufacture and sales • Patent procurement and the scope of patent protection afforded pharmaceutical subject matter • Substantive patentability requirements of novelty, utility and inventiveness • New drug approval process and supplementary approvals • Government price controls on pharmaceuticals and government drug payment plans • Obtaining an approval for a generic version of a drug • Compulsory Licensing

Managed Competition and Pharmaceutical Care

As the debate on health care delivery systems in the U.S. continues, the pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical care delivery system may well be faced with making significant changes if new drug regulations are enacted. Because there is little discussion on the effects of managed competition on the pharmaceutical care delivery system and the education of pharmacists, those involved in providing pharmaceutical care must arm themselves with the background information and ideas explored in Managed Competition and Pharmaceutical Care. The contributors to this vital sourcebook address these key questions: What are the major components of a managed competition system? What challenges will industry and the pharmaceutical care delivery system face? How should the industry re-engineer--using systems management as opposed to components management--to meet the needs of an evolving health care system? What actions should pharmaceutical companies take to survive difficult days in the future? Why and how should pharmacists move from dispensing drugs to providing total pharmaceutical care? What do employers want for their prescription benefit dollars? How have past and present initiatives to control drug pricing affected the pharmaceutical marketplace? Why is regulating prices not a satisfactory solution to containing health care costs? What criteria are used to determine whether to include a drug in a managed care formulary? How can community pharmacists compete in the marketplace, regardless of which health care system emerges? What is the future likely to bring and how can pharmacists prepare for that future? Managed Competition and Pharmaceutical Care assists those involved in the pharmaceutical care delivery system to prepare for and embrace new, or at the least, drastically changed health care delivery in the coming years.

Planning Prevention Strategies for Alcohol and Other Drug Related Problems Among Women

An Investigation of Knowledge Attitude and Practice of Community Pharmacists Towards Pharmaceutical Care in Private Retail Pharmacies in Jamaica

The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice(KAP) of the community pharmacicts towards pharmaceutical care (PC) in private retail pharmacies in Jamaica.